how to read your data

A comprehensive guide on how best to interpret your data.

OVERLAY VIDEOSEQUENCING SCOREMAXIMUM EXTERNAL ROTATIONARM SPEEDHIP-SHOULDER SEPARATIONRELEASE TIMEHIP ROTATION SPEEDTORSO ROTATION SPEEDACCELERATION SCOREDECELERATION SCOREOVERALL THROW SCOREGRAPHS & TABLES

Overlay video

  • First, watch the entirety of the overlay video and key in on the arm path and movement of joints during each phase of the throw (arm path may get lost at the beginning if the ball obscures the wrist but should be smooth from middle to end of the throw).
  • Pause the overlay video at natural stopping points
    • Pre-throw: check posture, tension, and base
      • Spine straight
      • Ball carriage relaxed around level of sternum with elbows at side
      • Traps relaxed
      • Base just wider than shoulder width
    • Foot strike: check posture, center of mass, pull, off-side, and base
      • Spine straight or slightly into extension
      • Chest stacked over hips
      • Center of mass neutral or slightly loaded towards back leg
      • Pull should have no tension - make sure there is no elbow flare up or pull initially going up without pulling back.
      • Off-side hand should slightly loaded back towards throwing side pec or in center of chests and off-side shoulder should be closed
      • Base around 50-59% of total height
    • Maximum external rotation (MER): check posture, center of mass, magnitude of layback, sequence, off-side, and timing
      • Spine slightly extended
      • Chest stacked over hips
      • Center of mass neutral
      • MER should be at least 125 degrees, closer to 135
      • Back hip should be rotated by now
      • Off-side hand should be steady in the center of the chest
      • MER occurring before arm begins significant horizontal adduction
    • Follow through: Check posture and decleration
      • Chest should be stacked over hips
      • Spine is straight or very slightly into flexion
      • Hips should decelerate well and be close to squared towards the target
      • Shoulders should decelerate well and not excessively over-rotate after release
  • Arm tracer
    • Should be smooth from middle to end
    • Watch for slot inconsistencies (steep rise or collapse in tracer) - should be smooth and level, slight rise is okay.
    • Identify where peak speed is at (red bar on arm tracer) - should be close to release.
  • Check tiles on right-hand side of screen
    • Sequence score: if your sequence order is not correct then follow link to sequence tab
    • Max External Rotation: If your score is below 125 degrees then follow link to MER tab
    • Peak Arm Speed: If you are below 32 then follow link to arm speed tab
    • HSS: If you are below 215 then follow link to HSS tab
    • Release Time: If your time is above 450 then follow link to release time tab

sequencing score

Is your sequencing score below 95% or are you not sequencing as well as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Sequencing Score

Our kinematic sequence score is measuring how well you sequence from the ground up during the throw. The goal is to fire your body in subquential order to optimize efficiency through your kinetic chain.

The order that we are measuring your sequence score is: foot strike, hip rotation, torso rotation, and arm acceleration (elbow extension).

Within each phase, we are keying in on the maximum angular velocity through each segment. The reasoning behind this is that when a specific segment is firing at its maximum velocity then it is the primary driver of energy within the system at that specific moment.

For instance, when the hips are rotating at their maximum velocity then the hips are the main driver of the kinetic chain at that segment in the throw.

When looking at your graph, you want to first key in on the left-hand side of the graph. Note that we are measuring angular velocity (degrees per second). This is a velocity based graph. We are not measuring angles. One common misconception is that the peak is in reference to the angle of the joint. Remember, the peak is when the specific joint is moving the fastest, and is not about the position of the joint.

Next, identify the 3 vertical lines to orient yourself to the phases of the throw. The first line corresponds to foot strike, the second line to MER (maximum external rotation in throwing shoulder), and the third line to ball release.

After this, you want to look for the “solid” dots on each part of the graph. These dots correspond to “peak velocity” for hip rotation, torso rotation, and elbow extension. These dots should go in subquential order following foot strike.

Lastly, you want to look at the timing of peak velocities. Ideally, you want peak hip rotation speed to start quickly after foot strike. A delay in peak hip rotation velocity is often due to “sliding” of the hips instead of “rotating”.

Check stride length %

  • If less than 50% - consider widening base to sequence more efficiently
  • If greater than 59% - shorten stride step to get faster and more efficient hip rotation before torso rotates

Check pull

  • Should have an efficient pull that is straight back or slightly dips to allow time for the hips to rotate.
  • Make sure you are not pulling straight up or flaring your elbow.

Check off-side hand

  • Should slightly work backwards and keep the front shoulder initially closed as hips initiate rotation.
  • Do not allow off-side hand to flare wide towards the front pec or out in front of the body during the foot strike phase.
  • Keep off-side hand steady in the center of the chest during the acceleration phase.

Drills / Videos to Watch from Drill Library

  • Pull to External Rotation Throws
  • Rocking Throws
  • Plyo Ball Rhythm Throws
  • Sequence Fundamentals

maximum external rotation (MER)

Is your MER less than 125 degrees or not as good as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

If either of the below pertain to you, then you need to significantly improve mobility:

  • MER is below 125 degrees
  • MER occurs late in the throw timeline (significantly after arm begins to accelerate forward)
    • Prioritize mobility routine that addresses but is not limited to the following areas: lats, scapula, thoracic spine, shoulders, and hips
    • This should be a staple in your development program that you should perform every day for 10-30 minutes

Mobility Drills from Drill Library

  • 90/90 Hip Series
  • Club Swings
  • Quadruped Thoracic Rotation
  • Side Lying Thoracic Rotation
  • Thoracic Extension Over Foam Roller
  • Walking Rotations
  • Wall Slides
  • Half Kneeling Thoracic Rotation
  • Half Kneeling Trunk Rotation
  • Hanging Twist
  • Kettlebell Arm Bar
  • Kettlebell Half Windmill
  • Kettlebell Windmill
  • Essential Arm CAre for QBs
  • Supine Hip Trunk Separation

Additional Drills & Resources

arm speed

Is your arm speed below 32 mph or not as fast as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Assess mobility, speeds, twitch, strength, and fundamentals

  • Mobility
    • look at your MER score - if you are below 125 then you need to improve mobility (link MER tab)
  • Speeds
    • Look at your peak hip rotation speed - if you are below 720 then you can improve speed through hip rotation
    • Look at your peak torso rotation speed - if you are below 600 then you can improve speed through torso rotation
    • Look at your peak hip-shoulder separation speed - if you are below 215 then you can improve speed through HSS
  • Twitch
    • If your vertical jump is below 30 inches or 40 yd dash above 4.9 seconds then you need to improve fast twitch muscle fibers and prioritize speed and acceleration development.
    • Drills from Drill Library
      • Pause Hurdle Jumps
      • Speed Hurdle Jumps
      • Barbell Jumps
      • DB Jumps
      • Box Single Leg Taps
  • Strength
    • If you are squatting below 350 then you need to increase lower body strength/power and prioritize this in your developmental program.
    • Drills from Drill Library
      • Barbell Jumps
      • DB Box Step-Ups w/Knee Drive
      • DB Box Step-Ups
      • DB Loaded Deficit Reverse Lunge
      • DB Jumps
      • Eccentric Deficit DB Split Squat
  • Fundamentals
    • If your sequencing score is below 95 then you need to improve sequencing and kinetic chain efficiency
    • If you have poor hip-shoulder separation then you need to improve the magnitude and speed of HSS

Drills/Videos

  • Club Swings
  • Med Ball Extension Sit Up Throws
  • Plyo Ball Coil Throws
  • Plyo Ball Momentum Turn Throws
  • Med Ball Slam Throws

Hip-shoulder separation

Is your HSS speed below 215 degrees/second or not as fast as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Check stride length %

  • If less than 50% - consider widening base to increase more speed through rotation
  • If greater than 59% - shorten stride step to get faster and more efficient hip rotation

Check off-side hand

  • Need to improve if off-side hand flares wide towards front pec or out in front of the body during the foot strike phase

Check pull

  • Need to have an efficient pull that allows hips time to rotate before torso rotates. Make sure you are not pulling straight and/or not pulling at all.

Speeds

  • Peak hip - below 720
  • Peak Torso - below 600

Mobility

  • Improve if it’s difficult to get into a “dissociated” position due to lack of mobility

Drills and Videos from Drill Library

  • Dip Bar Twist
  • Side lying thoracic rotation
  • Pull to external rotation throws
  • Plyo ball rhythm throws
  • Walking Rotations
  • Hip-Shoulder Separation Fundamentals
  • ½ Kneeling Trunk Rotations
  • Hanging Twist
  • Kettlebell Arm Bar
  • Supine Hip Trunk Separation

Release time

Is your release time above 450 ms or not as quick as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Assess Efficiency of Arm Path  

  • Path should be smooth without hitches or wrapping
  • Beginning of path should not significantly loop or get excessively long
  • Rhythm pat is okay but must be subtle and cannot be so big that it impacts release time or flares throwing side wrist

Assess stride step

  • If you are are striding above 59% then you need to quicken your stride step to help speed up your release time

Assess Sequencing Score

  • If your sequencing score is below 95% then this is something you should improve on to help quicken your release.

Assess speeds

  • Look at your peak arm speed - if you are below 32 mph then you can improve this to help quicken your release.
  • Look at your peak hip rotation speed - if you are below 720 degrees/second then you can improve speed through hip rotation to help quicken your release
  • Look at your peak torso rotation speed - if you are below 600 degrees/second then you can improve speed through torso rotation to help quicken your release
  • Look at your peak hip-shoulder separation speed - if you are below 215 degrees/second then you can improve speed through HSS to help quicken your release

Additional Resources: 

Mastering Release Time

Drills and Videos from Drill Library

  • Plyo ball coil throws
  • Plyo ball momentum turn throws
  • Pull fundamentals
  • Acceleration phase fundamentals

hip rotation speed

Is your hip rotation speed below 720 degrees/second or not as fast as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Assess leaks in energy

  • Check front knee: if there is a significant degree change in front knee flexion from start of throw to end then you need to get more stability in front knee
  • Check foot turnout: if there is a significant change from foot stride to release then need more stability in front foot
  • Check sliding vs turning: if you slide your hips at the start of the throw rather than rotating then that will impact peak speed through hip rotation

Assess speeds / timing

  • Look at your peak hip-shoulder separation speed - if you are below 215 then you can improve speed through HSS (link HSS tab)
  • Check timing of hip rotation: should begin immediately after foot strike and be rotated before arm accelerates forward

Assess power through lower body rotation

  • If you are not powerful through lower body rotation or do not emphasize rotational movements in the weight room then you need to make rotational movements a staple in your weight/strength program

Drills and Videos from Drill Library

  • Rocking throws
  • Hip 90/90 Series
  • Swiss Ball Throws
  • Lateral Oblique Throws
  • Hip Rotation Fundamentals

Torso Rotation speed

Is your torso rotation speed below 600 degrees/second or not as fast as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Assess leaks in energy

  • Check front knee: if there is a significant degree change in front knee flexion from start of throw to end then you need to get more stability in front knee
  • Check foot turnout: if there is a significant change from foot stride to release then need more stability in front foot
  • Check sliding vs turning: if you slide your hips at the start of the throw rather than rotating then that will impact peak speed through hip rotation

Assess speeds / timing

  • Look at your peak hip-shoulder separation speed - if you are below 215 then you can improve speed through HSS (link HSS tab)
  • Check timing of hip rotation: should begin immediately after foot strike and be rotated before arm accelerates forward

Assess power through lower body rotation

  • If you are not powerful through lower body rotation or do not emphasize rotational movements in the weight room then you need to make rotational movements a staple in your weight/strength program

Drills and Videos from Drill Library

  • Rocking throws
  • Hip 90/90 Series
  • Swiss Ball Throws
  • Lateral Oblique Throws
  • Hip Rotation Fundamentals

acceleration score

Is your acceleration score below 80% or not as good as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Speeds

  • Look at your peak arm speed - if you are below 32 mph then you can improve this to help quicken your release
  • Look at your MER score - if you are below 125 then you need to improve mobility
  • Look at your peak hip rotation speed -if you are below 720 then you can improve speed through hip rotation
  • Look at your peak torso rotation speed -if you are below 600 then you can improve speed through torso rotation

Deceleration score

Is your deceleration score below 80% or not as good as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.

Assess Leaks in Energy

  • Check front knee: if there is significant degree change in front knee flexion from start of throw to end then you need to get more stability in front knee
  • Check trunk flexion: if there is significant forward flexion in the spine at release to follow through then you need to keep weight more neutral and optimize rotation
  • Check lateral tilt to the side: if you are leaning excessively to the side then work on posture and keeping slot level
  • Check HSS at release: if there is a large degree difference at release then work on decelerating your hips to allow torso time to catch up

Overall Throw Score

Is your overall throw score below 80% or not as good as you’d like? Here’s what to focus on.
  • If your acceleration score is below 80% then try to improve on your acceleration
  • If your deceleration score is below 80% then try to improve on your deceleration
  • If your sequence score is below 95% then try to improve on your sequencing
  • If your release time is above 450 ms then try to quicken your release

Graphs & tables

Below are several videos going over various graphs and tables found on your biomechanics report.

SHOULDER ABDUCTION ANGLES

Shoulder External Rotation Angles

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Angles

Elbow Extension Angles

Shoulder External Rotation Velocity

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Velocity

Shoulder Abduction Velocity

Hip Torso Rotation Angles

Hip-Shoulder Separation Angles

Trunk Flexion Angles

Lead Knee Flexion Angles

Hip-Shoulder Separation Velocity

Lead Knee Flexion Velocity

Elbow Extension Velocity

Trunk Rotation & Pelvis Rotation Velocity

Trunk Flexion Velocity

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